Libanon
Opis
[= bel], mogočno gorovje, ki se razteza od reke Litani [ali Lita] blizu Tira na sever do reke El-Kebir [v starodavnosti Eleutherus] v dolžini 170 km. Najpomembnejša izmed številnih planin na grebenu Libanona so t. i. »Libanonske cedre«, tj. cedrovo območje, ki obsega približno 100 m² na višini približno 3000 m. Cedrov gaj, ki mu je grozilo popolno uničenje [leta 1573 je bilo v njem le 24 dreves, leta 1810 že 375 in leta 1884 397], danes obstaja le na zahodnem pobočju na višini 2000 m. Obdan je z visoko steno, da bi ga zaščitili pred sekanjem nepoklicanih ljudi. Libanon je večinoma sestavljen iz apnenca. V višinah se zbira deževnica, ki teče v toplih mesecih iz libanonskega večnega snega [Jer 18:14 ]. Ledeniški pokrovi na Libanonu ne obstajajo. Številne rečice namakajo libanonske doline in jih prilagajajo za bogato rastlinstvo [Vp 4:15 ; Iz 35:2 ; 60:13]. Na zahodnem pobočju osrednjega Libanona uspevajo murva, oljka, smokva, oreh, mandelj, breskev in marelica. Tudi granatna jabolka tu dozorijo. Na višini 1000-1500 m gojijo vino in tobak. Po Vp 4:11 in Oz 14:7 Libanon oddaja posebno dišavo, verjetno zaradi dišečih grmov in cvetlic, ki v obilju pokrivajo tla. Po gozdovih, o katerih so peli starozavezni pisci [2Kr 19:23 ; Ps 72:16 ; Iz 2:13 ; 10:34; 40:16; 60:13; Ezk 17:3 ; 31:15n; Zah 11:1 ], skoraj ni več sledu. V starodavnosti pa je les iz Libanona služil ne le za gradnjo templjev in palač, temveč tudi za izdelavo ladijskih jamborov [Ezr 3:7 ; Ezk 27:5 ]. Namesto gozdov so nastale bogate pašnike, ki služijo številnim čredam ovac in koz. Od divjih živali se tu pojavljajo medvedi, šakali, hijene, divji prašiči in gazele [2Kr 14:9 ; Vp 4:8 ]. V jamah so našli ostanke ljudi in jelenov, gamsov, srnjakov in jamskih levov. Libanon je bil naravno zatočišče zaradi svoje nedostopnosti.
Pripoveduje se, da je Salomon - tako kot drugi orientalski vladarji v različnih obdobjih - dal prevažati cedrov les iz Libanona za gradnjo templja v Jeruzalemu [1Kr 5:6 ]. Zdi se pa, da je tu izvajal tudi gradnje [1Kr 9:19 ], morda celo rudaril železo in drugo.
Vzporedno z Libanonom poteka od gore Hermon t. i. Antilibanon, ločen od Libanona z dolino Bika, široko 8-14 km. Skozi to dolino tečeta proti jugu Nahr-el-litani in proti severu Orontes. Dolžina doline je 120 km. Osrednji del je zelo rodoviten.
Libanon je tvoril severozahodno mejo obljubljene dežele [5Mz 1:7 ; 11:24; Joz 1:4 ; 11:17; 12:7; 13:5].
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Lebanon
white, "the white mountain of Syria," is the loftiest and most celebrated mountain range in Syria. It is a branch running southward from the Caucasus, and at its lower end forking into two parallel ranges, the eastern or Anti-Lebanon, and the western or Lebanon proper. They enclose a long valley (Josh 11:17) of from 5 to 8 miles in width, called by Roman writers Coele-Syria, now called el-Buka'a, "the valley," a prolongation of the valley of the Jordan.
Lebanon proper, Jebel es-Sharki, commences at its southern extremity in the gorge of the Leontes, the ancient Litany, and extends north-east, parallel to the Mediterranean coast, as far as the river Eleutherus, at the plain of Emesa, "the entering of Hamath" (Num 34:8; 1Kings 8:65), in all about 90 geographical miles in extent. The average height of this range is from 6,000 to 8,000 feet; the peak of Jebel Mukhmel is about 10,200 feet, and the Sannin about 9,000. The highest peaks are covered with perpetual snow and ice. In the recesses of the range wild beasts as of old still abound (2Kings 14:9; Cant 4:8). The scenes of the Lebanon are remarkable for their grandeur and beauty, and supplied the sacred writers with many expressive similes (Ps 29:5 ; 29:6; 72:16; 104:16-18; Cant 4:15; Isa 2:13; 35:2; 60:13; Hos 14:5). It is famous for its cedars (Cant 5:15), its wines (Hos 14:7), and its cool waters (Jer 18:14 ). The ancient inhabitants were Giblites and Hivites (Josh 13:5; Judg 3:3). It was part of the Phoenician kingdom (1Kings 5:2-6).
The eastern range, or Anti-Lebanon, or "Lebanon towards the sunrising," runs nearly parallel with the western from the plain of Emesa till it connects with the hills of Galilee in the south. The height of this range is about 5,000 feet. Its highest peak is Hermon (q.v.), from which a number of lesser ranges radiate.
Lebanon is first mentioned in the description of the boundary of Palestine (Deut 1:7; 11:24). It was assigned to Israel, but was never conquered (Josh 13:2-6; Judg 3:1-3).
The Lebanon range is now inhabited by a population of about 300,000 Christians, Maronites, and Druses, and is ruled by a Christian governor. The Anti-Lebanon is inhabited by Mohammedans, and is under a Turkish ruler.
EBD - Easton's Bible Dictionary