Liban
Опис
[= beli], moćan planinski lanac, proteže se od reke Litani [ili Lita] blizu Tira na sever do reke El-Kebir [u antici Eleutherus] u dužini od 170 km. Najvažnija od brojnih visoravni na grebenu Libana su tzv. "Libanske kedrove šume", tj. kedrovo područje, koje zauzima oko 100 m² na visini od oko 3000 m. Kedrova šuma, kojoj je pretilo potpuno uništenje [1573. godine bilo je u njoj samo 24 stabla, 1810. već 375, a 1884. 397], danas se nalazi samo na zapadnom otvorenom obronku na visini od 2000 m. Ograđena je visokim zidom kako bi bila zaštićena od seče neovlašćenih ljudi. Sastav Libana je uglavnom krečnjak. Na visinama se skuplja kišnica, teče u toplim mesecima iz libanskog večnog snega [Jer 18:14 ]. Lednici, međutim, na Libanu ne postoje. Brojne rečice navodnjavaju libanske doline i čine ih plodnim za bogatu vegetaciju [Pes 4:15 ; Isa 35:2 ; 60:13]. Na zapadnom obronku srednjeg Libana uspevaju murva, maslina, smokva, orah, badem, breskve i kajsije. Čak i nar ovde sazreva. Na visini od 1000-1500 m uzgajaju se vino i duvan. Prema Pes 4:11 i Os 14:7 , Liban izdaje poseban miris, verovatno od aromatičnih grmova i cveća, koji u izobilju pokrivaju tlo. O šumama, o kojima su pisali starozavetni pisci [2Car 19:23 ; Ps 72:16 ; Isa 2:13 ; 10:34; 40:16; 60:13; Jezek 17:3; 31:15n; Zah 11:1 ], gotovo da nema traga. U antici, međutim, drvo Libana služilo je ne samo za izgradnju hramova i palata, već i za izradu brodskih jarbola [Jezd 3:7 ; Jezek 27:5]. Umesto šuma, došle su bogate pašnjake, koje služe brojnim stadima ovaca i koza. Od divljih životinja ovde se nalaze medvedi, šakali, hijene, divlje svinje i gazele [2Car 14:9 ; Pes 4:8 ]. U pećinama su pronađeni ostaci ljudi, kao i jelena, divokoza, srna i pećinskih lavova. Liban je bio prirodno sklonište zbog svoje nepristupačnosti.
Priča se da je Solomon - kao i drugi orijentalni vladari u različitim vremenima - dovozio kedrovo drvo iz Libana za izgradnju hrama u Jerusalimu [1Car 5:6 ]. Čini se, međutim, da je ovde takođe obavljao građevinske radove [1Car 9:19 ], možda čak i vadio gvožđe i drugo.
Paralelno s Libanom, proteže se od planine Hermon tzv. Antiliban, odvojen od Libana dolinom Bika, širokom 8-14 km. Kroz ovu dolinu teku na jug Nahr-el-Litani i na sever Oront. Dužina doline je 120 km. Njegov srednji deo je veoma plodan.
Liban je činio severozapadnu granicu obećane zemlje [Pnz 1:7 ; 11:24; IsN 1:4 ; 11:17; 12:7; 13:5].
Biblijski rečnik Adolfa Novotnog
линкови
Street View
Mapa
информације из речника
Lebanon
white, "the white mountain of Syria," is the loftiest and most celebrated mountain range in Syria. It is a branch running southward from the Caucasus, and at its lower end forking into two parallel ranges, the eastern or Anti-Lebanon, and the western or Lebanon proper. They enclose a long valley (Josh 11:17) of from 5 to 8 miles in width, called by Roman writers Coele-Syria, now called el-Buka'a, "the valley," a prolongation of the valley of the Jordan.
Lebanon proper, Jebel es-Sharki, commences at its southern extremity in the gorge of the Leontes, the ancient Litany, and extends north-east, parallel to the Mediterranean coast, as far as the river Eleutherus, at the plain of Emesa, "the entering of Hamath" (Num 34:8; 1Kings 8:65), in all about 90 geographical miles in extent. The average height of this range is from 6,000 to 8,000 feet; the peak of Jebel Mukhmel is about 10,200 feet, and the Sannin about 9,000. The highest peaks are covered with perpetual snow and ice. In the recesses of the range wild beasts as of old still abound (2Kings 14:9; Cant 4:8). The scenes of the Lebanon are remarkable for their grandeur and beauty, and supplied the sacred writers with many expressive similes (Ps 29:5 ; 29:6; 72:16; 104:16-18; Cant 4:15; Isa 2:13 ; 35:2; 60:13; Hos 14:5). It is famous for its cedars (Cant 5:15), its wines (Hos 14:7), and its cool waters (Jer 18:14 ). The ancient inhabitants were Giblites and Hivites (Josh 13:5; Judg 3:3). It was part of the Phoenician kingdom (1Kings 5:2-6).
The eastern range, or Anti-Lebanon, or "Lebanon towards the sunrising," runs nearly parallel with the western from the plain of Emesa till it connects with the hills of Galilee in the south. The height of this range is about 5,000 feet. Its highest peak is Hermon (q.v.), from which a number of lesser ranges radiate.
Lebanon is first mentioned in the description of the boundary of Palestine (Deut 1:7; 11:24). It was assigned to Israel, but was never conquered (Josh 13:2-6; Judg 3:1-3).
The Lebanon range is now inhabited by a population of about 300,000 Christians, Maronites, and Druses, and is ruled by a Christian governor. The Anti-Lebanon is inhabited by Mohammedans, and is under a Turkish ruler.
EBD - Easton's Bible Dictionary